Media




  • File:S4-J774 Cells with Conidia in Liquid Media.ogvPlay media

    An active J774 macrophage is seen taking up four
    conidia in a co-operative manner. The J774 cells were treated with 5 ng/ml interferon-γ one night before filming with conidia. Observations were made every 30s over a 2.5hr period.

  • File:S3-Alveolar Macrophages with Conidia in Liquid Medium.ogvPlay media

    Two highly active alveolar macrophages can be seen ingesting conidia. Time lapse is 30s per frame over 2.5hr.

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Structure

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Types edit A majority of macrophages are stationed at strategic points where microbial invasion or accumulation of foreign particles is likely to occur. These cells together as a group are known as the mononuclear phagocyte system and were previously known as the reticuloendothelial system. Each type of macrophage, determined by its location, has a specific name: Cell Name Anatomical Location Adipose tissue macrophages Adipose tissue (fat) Monocytes Bone marrow / blood Kupffer cells Liver Sinus histiocytes Lymph nodes Alveolar macrophages (dust cells) Pulmonary alveoli Tissue macrophages (histiocytes) leading to giant cells Connective tissue Microglia Central nervous system Hofbauer cells Placenta Intraglomerular mesangial cells Kidney Osteoclasts Bone Epithelioid cells Granulomas Red pulp macrophages (sinusoidal lining cells) Red pulp of spleen Peritoneal macrophages Peritoneal cavity LysoMac Peyer's patch Investigations concerning Kup...
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Development

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Macrophages that reside in adult healthy tissues either derive from circulating monocytes or are established before birth and then maintained during adult life independently of monocytes. By contrast, most of the macrophages that accumulate at diseased sites typically derive from circulating monocytes. When a monocyte enters damaged tissue through the endothelium of a blood vessel, a process known as leukocyte extravasation, it undergoes a series of changes to become a macrophage. Monocytes are attracted to a damaged site by chemical substances through chemotaxis, triggered by a range of stimuli including damaged cells, pathogens and cytokines released by macrophages already at the site. At some sites such as the testis, macrophages have been shown to populate the organ through proliferation. citation needed Unlike short-lived neutrophils, macrophages survive longer in the body, up to several months.
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Function

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Phagocytosis edit Macrophages are professional phagocytes and are highly specialized in removal of dying or dead cells and cellular debris. This role is important in chronic inflammation, as the early stages of inflammation are dominated by neutrophils, which are ingested by macrophages if they come of age (see CD31 for a description of this process). The neutrophils are at first attracted to a site, where they perform their function and die, before they are phagocytized by the macrophages. When at the site, the first wave of neutrophils, after the process of aging and after the first 48 hours, stimulate the appearance of the macrophages whereby these macrophages will then ingest the aged neutrophils. The removal of dying cells is, to a greater extent, handled by fixed macrophages , which will stay at strategic locations such as the lungs, liver, neural tissue, bone, spleen and connective tissue, ingesting foreign materials such as pathogens and recruiting additional macrophages if nee...
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